Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this article is to assess the productivity dynamics in EU agriculture from 2007 to 2023 and the impact of key reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy. The study fills a research gap by combining the analysis of Malmquist indices with sub-measures and structural data. Materials and methods: The Malmquist index and its decomposition into technical efficiency and technological progress were used, supplementing the analysis with sub-measures and structural data. The survey covered Member States in a panel arrangement. Results: The findings reveal a differentiated pace of productivity growth across EU countries. Technological progress was the dominant driver, while changes in technical efficiency varied across time and regions. In some member states, CAP reforms facilitated the adoption of innovative agricultural solutions. Conclusions: Agricultural productivity growth in the EU during the studied period depended primarily on technological innovations, while agricultural policy played a complementary role by supporting modernization and reducing disparities between countries.