Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have emerged as critical institutional mechanisms for fostering collective action among smallholder farmers in India, where approximately 89.4% of agricultural holdings are below two hectares. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current landscape of FPOs by synthesizing empirical studies and scholarly literature, with a particular emphasis on their role in advancing agricultural commercialization and enhancing rural livelihoods. FPOs facilitate improved access to inputs, markets, credit, and capacity-building services, thereby contributing to increased farm incomes and greater bargaining power for marginalized producers. The current underscore the need for future research to undertake longitudinal and regionally comparative analyses—especially in underrepresented hilly and horticultural regions—to more rigorously assess the long-term impact of FPO interventions on smallholder resilience and organizational sustai